Hundreds of CEOs signed a letter urging Trump to keep DACA. Those included Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, Apple CEO Tim Cook, Google CEO Sundar Pichai and Warren Buffett. Leaders from Airbnb, Dropbox, eBay, Fitbit, Foursquare, GoFundMe, LinkedIn, Lyft, Netflix, Netgear, Pandora, Tesla, Tumblr and Uber also signed the letter.

A number of tech companies including Facebook, Google and Twitter went on to file amicus briefs in support of plaintiffs who challenged the DACA withdrawal in lower courts. Apple filed an amicus brief defending DACA with the Supreme Court. The general argument among tech companies is that DACA recipients make meaningful contributions to the US. According to CNBC, there were about 700,000 DACA recipients when Trump ordered the program to wind down. 

The Trump administration originally argued that former President Barack Obama did not have the legal authority to implement the program. In today’s 5-4 ruling, the Supreme Court decided that the Trump administration’s termination of DACA was “arbitrary and capricious” and that it violated federal laws around administrative procedure.

“We do not decide whether DACA or its rescission are sound policies. ‘The wisdom’ of those decisions ‘is none of our concern,’” Chief Justice John Roberts wrote.

Committee Chairman Richard Burr (R-NC) said the Obama administration “struggled to determine the appropriate response” and “debated courses of action without truly taking one.” The administration worried about alarming the American people and that a statement could be perceived as political, given that then-President Obama was actively campaigning for Hillary Clinton.

“There were many flaws with the U.S. response to the 2016 attack, but it’s worth noting that many of those were due to problems with our own system – problems that can and should be corrected,” said Vice Chairman Mark Warner (D-VA).

The committee concluded that in the case of future attacks, the public should be notified “as soon as possible with a clear and succinct statement of the threat.” Though, Burr says that as the 2020 presidential election approaches, the US is in a better position to identify foreign interference efforts.

This Senate report is the third of an expected five that will investigate the government’s handling of Russia’s election interference. The first report was released in July. We don’t know when the final two will be complete, but they are expected to detail the intelligence community’s 2017 assessment on Russian interference and the final counterintelligence findings.

Spotify’s podcast push actually began in 2017. During a test in Germany, the company noticed a music publisher had posted audiobooks and other content on the service. Over time, it became popular, and Spotify realized it might be on to something.

“We realized that [for] people who were already in love with Spotify for music, it’s a natural evolution to offer something complimentary to music on the service,” Vice President and Global Head of Spotify Studios Courtney Holt explained. “Podcasts are just a great complimentary product.” Holt said the company realized the first step was to expand its catalog. And in 2018, it began to do just that.

In October 2018, the service opened up its podcast section to everyone. As part of the Spotify for Podcasters program, creators could post their shows from their aggregator or host. In return, the streaming service promised valuable data on performance, audience demographics, followers, listener locations and engagement. It was a sign of what was in store for 2019: Spotify had flung its gates open wide, and it was ready to make podcasts a bigger piece of its audio offering — and its business.

“We were testing a lot in 2018,” Holt continued. “We thought we would actually be able to achieve our goals, so it was like: ‘Okay, now we’re ready to scale.’ But there was a good year plus learning that went into it.”

In February, the company made its two biggest podcast moves of the year. In that earnings report, Spotify announced it was acquiring Gimlet Media, the production company behind popular shows like StartUp, Reply All, Crimetown and The Pitch. The company also revealed that it had purchased Anchor, a service that helps creators record, host, distribute and, most importantly, monetize podcasts. With apps for iOS, Android, iPad and desktop web, Anchor streamlines the process so that anyone can feel like they, too, can be a podcast star. In one swipe, Spotify had picked up one of the biggest podcast producers to pad its library and create new shows, while also locking down an easy-to-use production suite for prospective creators.

Anchor wasn’t the first audio production suite Spotify had acquired, though. In 2017, it purchased Soundtrap, an online collaborative music studio. The move was a bit of a head-scratcher at first, but in May, Soundtrap for Storytellers debuted. Essentially, Soundtrap tweaked its formula for audio editing and cloud-based collaboration to cater specifically to podcast creators. Spotify now had two user-friendly platforms literally anyone could use to make a show. And, of course, they could push it to the streaming service for the world to hear.

“Growing podcast listening on Spotify is an important strategy for driving top of funnel growth, increased user engagement, lower churn, faster revenue growth and higher margins,” the company said in the earnings report. “We intend to lean into this strategy in 2019, both to acquire exclusive content and to increase investment in the production of content in-house.”

And it leaned in quickly. A month after announcing its big Gimlet/Anchor acquisitions, Spotify announced a deal for Paracast, another popular podcast production company that was quickly becoming a rising star on the charts. With Paracast, Spotify got a studio that checked two very important boxes. First, at the time, Paracast had 18 true crime shows that were already tapping into our collective fascination with murder-mystery and conspiracy theory podcasts. Second, Paracast was churning out new episodes faster than a lot of the competition. The studio had nine weekly or bi-weekly shows, so the steady stream of content was more of a fire hose.

“When you lay out all the components of podcasting, at the simplest level, what we’ve done is we’ve built what I think is a really defensible position by bringing all these things together,” Holt said. “Laid out over the course of the year, it feels like a sequence of events, but we were sort of doing these things all at the same time.”

Acquisitions weren’t the only major podcast deals Spotify signed this year. It also locked down some big names exclusively for its content library. The biggest of which was the Obamas. In June, the service signed an agreement with their production company Higher Ground for multiple shows covering a range of topics. Of course, President Obama and his wife, Michelle, are both slated to appear on some of those.

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There are also less headline-grabbing exclusives, like the sports-focused show Riggle’s Picks, starring comedians Rob Riggle and Sarah Tiana. Exclusives weren’t a new adventure to Spotify in 2019 — it had already amassed shows like The Joe Budden Podcast, Jemele Hill Is Unbothered and Amy Schumer Presents. But snapping up high-profile names that would only appear in its podcast list is something you can expect Spotify to continue doing in 2020 and beyond.

In fact, Spotify has already begun to reveal some of its plans for 2020. You can expect shows from Jordan Peele and Mark Wahlberg, and the service has announced that popular true crime comedy show Last Podcast on the Left will be an exclusive next year. There’s also scripted true crime comedy The Case of Adirondack Rose from executive producer Paul Feig’s (Ghostbusters, Bridesmaids) Powederkeg production company and writer Amy Reed (The Boy and Girl Who Broke the World, The Nowhere Girls).

Of course, there’s always a concern when you hear the term “exclusive,” especially when it comes to audio or visual content you might want to stream. Holt explained that the idea was never to lock down Gimlet shows or podcasts from other studios it acquired on its own service.

The Russians could reportedly only crack “moderately encrypted” radio systems like those the FBI used, and not the strongest protections, but that was still worrying — and it wasn’t certain just how Russia compromised the systems. Some officials worried Russia might have a mole, but that wasn’t clear. An anonymous CIA officer speaking to Yahoo News said that Russia had a habit of disguising human sources as technical attacks. They may have simply loitered in areas where they could listen in on conversations.

The FBI clamped down by switching to new, better-encrypted radios. And thankfully, the damage appeared to have been less dangerous than it could have been. American intelligence also found that the breaches had limited effect, according to the sources. To some degree, the Russians were stymied by their own efforts — they couldn’t take some actions lest they reveal that they’d cracked the codes.

Even so, the breach hurt American intelligence after the seriousness of the breaches became clear in 2012. The FBI apparently cut contacts with some of its Russian sources, while other sources broke off communications. The CIA also halted some communications. And numerous government facilities made simple changes to their practices, such as changing encryption codes more frequently and moving chats away from windows.

As to why the White House didn’t act sooner? Supposedly, there was a “reset hangover” where conflicting reports on Russia’s sincerity about cooperation led some administration officials to maintain hope for cooperation even as Russia was stepping up its intelligence efforts. The 2016 election meddling was an acknowledgment that the situation wasn’t going to get better. And between ongoing Russian interference and gradually returning spies, US agencies will have to keep their guard up.